Who developed the philosophy of "successful intelligence"?

The philosophy of "successful intelligence" was developed by Robert Sternberg and Elena Grigorenko. This concept emphasizes a broader understanding of intelligence beyond traditional measures, arguing that intelligence should encompass analytical, creative, and practical abilities. Sternberg's theory suggests that to be truly intelligent, individuals must be able to apply their cognitive skills in real-world situations, adapt to their environment, and shape their world, thus leading to successful outcomes in life.

Sternberg's model challenges the narrow focus on IQ and standardized testing, advocating for a more holistic view of intelligence that includes the ability to navigate complex social and practical challenges. This perspective is particularly relevant in educational contexts, where developing a wide range of skills is crucial for the growth of gifted and talented students.

In contrast, the other individuals mentioned—Herrnstein and Murray, Jensen, and Hollingworth—focused on different aspects of psychology and intelligence, but none directly established the "successful intelligence" theory as Sternberg and Grigorenko did. Their work often addressed intelligence in more traditional or controversial frameworks, which do not align with the multifaceted approach of successful intelligence.