Who defined creativity as closely related to problem solving, involving novel outcomes?

J.P. Guilford is recognized for advancing the understanding of creativity in relation to problem-solving. He emphasized that creativity is not only about generating unique ideas but also involves the process of seeking solutions to problems in innovative ways. His work distinguished between divergent thinking, which encompasses the ability to generate multiple solutions, and convergent thinking, which focuses on finding a single correct answer to a problem. By linking creativity with novel outcomes in problem-solving, Guilford's insights enhanced the conceptual framework of how creativity is perceived in educational and psychological contexts.

Guilford's extensive research laid a foundation for further studies in creativity, and his differentiation of problem-solving processes reflects the complex nature of creative thinking. This connection underlies many modern theories and practices in education for gifted and talented programs, highlighting the importance of fostering creative problem-solving skills among students.