Which option lists culture-based explanations of gender differences in math achievement?

The selection highlighting cultural stereotypes, boys' identification with their fathers, and lack of school support effectively captures the essence of culture-based explanations for gender differences in math achievement.

Cultural stereotypes can significantly shape perceptions and expectations regarding gender abilities in subjects like mathematics. For example, the stereotype that boys are naturally better at math can influence both self-perception among girls and expectations from teachers and parents, which may, in turn, affect girls' performance and interest in the subject.

Boys' identification with their fathers is another crucial aspect, as this dynamic can contribute to the reinforcement of traditional gender roles where mathematical ability is connoted with masculinity. This identification may encourage boys to pursue math more vigorously or feel more confident in their abilities.

Additionally, the lack of school support plays a critical role. If schools do not actively create an inclusive environment that nurtures the skills of all students, particularly girls, it can limit their opportunities and engagement with math.

These factors interconnect to illustrate how cultural influences rather than biological differences can lead to disparities in math achievement across genders, making this a well-rounded presentation of culture-based explanations.