Which of the following IS NOT linked to lower self-expectations and aspirations of girls?

The option indicating "fear of failure syndrome" is the correct answer because it is commonly recognized that a fear of failure can actually lead individuals, including girls, to set higher standards and expectations for themselves in an effort to avoid failure. This drive can often manifest as perfectionism or a desire to excel, motivating them to strive for more rather than lowering their expectations.

In contrast, lower achievement motivation, a lower sense of competence, and a tendency to attribute failure to oneself are all associated with diminished self-expectations and aspirations. When girls experience lower achievement motivation, they often do not feel driven to pursue challenging goals, leading to a decrease in their aspirations. Similarly, if they have a lower sense of competence, they may doubt their abilities, further reducing their goals and ambitions. Additionally, attributing failure to oneself can undermine confidence, making it less likely for individuals to aim high after facing setbacks.

Understanding these dynamics is crucial in addressing how societal and personal perceptions can shape the aspirations of girls throughout their development.