Which of the following influences self-efficacy in addition to past performance and peer observation?

Self-efficacy, which refers to an individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations, is influenced by several factors beyond just previous experiences and observations from peers. Physiological cues play a significant role in shaping an individual's self-efficacy. These cues include the physical responses one experiences during tasks, such as feelings of stress, anxiety, or excitement. For example, if a person perceives their physiological state positively (like feeling energized before a presentation), it can bolster their confidence in their ability to perform well. In contrast, negative physiological cues (like increased heart rate or sweating due to anxiety) can diminish self-efficacy by suggesting that one is ill-prepared or likely to fail.

Other options, while relevant to personal development and confidence in various contexts, do not directly influence self-efficacy in the same way as physiological cues. A willingness to take risks can encourage growth and learning, but it does not inherently modify one's belief about their abilities. Strong self-esteem contributes to overall mental health and resilience, yet it does not specifically dictate self-efficacy regarding performance in a task. A creative approach to a task might enhance problem-solving or engagement, but this creativity alone does not assess or influence the belief in one's capacity to succeed in