Which factor is most strongly correlated with achievement orientation and self-confidence?

The most strongly correlated factor with achievement orientation and self-confidence is family, school, and peer expectations. This correlation reflects the significant role that external influences play in shaping an individual's beliefs about their abilities and their motivation to achieve. When families, schools, and peers hold high expectations, they can foster an environment that encourages children to pursue their goals with confidence.

High expectations from these key social groups can instill a sense of responsibility and capability in individuals, leading them to develop a stronger achievement orientation. Additionally, supportive feedback and recognition from these sources can boost self-esteem and reinforce the belief that they can succeed, thus promoting a cycle of positive reinforcement.

In contrast, while gender-specific toys, cultural stereotypes, and familial identification can influence development, they do not have the same direct and compelling impact on self-confidence and achievement orientation as expectations set by the family, school, and peers. Expectations offer concrete measures for children to strive towards, often manifesting in academic and personal success.