Recent findings by Carol Dweck indicate that labeling children as "smart" does what?

Labeling children as "smart" can lead to underperformance because it places an emphasis on the concept of inherent intelligence rather than the value of effort and learning. When children are told they are "smart," they may develop a fixed mindset, believing that their abilities are static and unchangeable. This belief can make them less willing to take risks, face challenges, or put forth effort in situations where they may not excel immediately.

Instead of embracing opportunities for growth and learning from setbacks, they might shy away from difficult tasks for fear of failing and losing their "smart" label. This can ultimately hinder their motivation to develop resilience and adaptability in their learning processes. Therefore, labeling can actually contribute to the opposite of encouraging a positive learning environment where effort and improvement are valued.