According to Kathryn Schultz, what assumption do people make when they disagree with others?

In Kathryn Schultz's perspective on disagreement, the assumption people often make when they disagree with others is that the opposing side is distorting facts. This reflects a common human tendency to view one's own understanding as the only accurate interpretation and to perceive others' views as misguided or incorrect. When we disagree, it can be easier to attribute the difference in opinion to a manipulation or misrepresentation of information by the other party, rather than recognizing the complexity of differing interpretations or the nuances underlying their perspective. This often prevents constructive dialogue and mutual understanding, as it reinforces a defensive stance rather than fostering an environment where multiple viewpoints can be openly discussed and considered.

The other options highlight alternative perspectives that may foster understanding or collaboration but do not align with the core assumption that Schultz identifies concerning the nature of disagreement.